Economic scenarios for Nigeria for 2015 and 2016

Nigeria’s economy to continue growing but a more resilient long term economic model is needed says PwC report

Despite the uncertainties generated by the volatility in oil prices and the significant drop in government revenue, the Nigerian economy will continue to grow, even if oil prices fall to $35/bbl and average just $45/bbl in 2015, provided there is no deterioration of the political and security landscape. In the long term however, Nigeria's policymakers must encourage a more resilient economic model, fit to harness the country's strong growth fundamentals.

Dr. Andrew S. Nevin Ph.D, Partner and Chief Economist at PwC Nigeria, comments:

"We explored two types of shocks in the report: an oil price shock and a political shock. The first scenario looks at oil price averaging $55/bbl over 2015 and stabilising at $70/bbl in 2016 with a smooth transition and maintenance of political stability in the country.

Scenario 2, envisages the re-emergence of Iran oil production in Q2 of 2015 which could drive oil prices to as low as $35/bbl and reaching a new equilibrium level of $60/bbl in 2016 consistent with the most bearish forecasts from analysis.

The third scenario follows a similar pattern as scenario 2 with oil prices averaging $45/bbl in 2016 in addition to severe political or security shock arising from escalation of Boko Haram insurgency and/or resurgence of restiveness in the Niger Delta.

Our modelling and forecasts as seen in figure 7 of the report show that while the economy will continue to struggle even under the most benign scenario, it will be able to realise growth averaging 4.0% for the period.

These scenarios present important issues to consider for all organisations exposed to Nigeria. We are already supporting several public and private clients across a range of sectors to help them understand what these scenarios could mean for them and how they can build preparedness through their business planning processes."

Commenting on why further fall in the oil price even to as low as $35/bbl will not slow the economy, Dr. Nevin noted that;

"Despite oil's importance to Nigerian exchequer, the real economy is largely insulated against falling oil prices. This is driven by the fundamental structure of Nigeria's economy and how the oil and public sectors interact with the non-oil sector.

Four points come to mind here.

First, the oil sector's importance in the economy has been falling over time. In 2013, the oil sector contributed 11% of the Nigerian GDP, in comparison to a peak of 48% in 2000. Clearly, the growth of large services and agricultural sectors has fuelled economic development, with active fiscal and monetary policies encouraging this trend.

Secondly, Oil sector workers account for less than 1% of total employment, with a high proportion of expatriates. And much of the oil supply chain is based abroad.

The third point that comes to mind is that only a relatively small proportion of oil revenue flows through to the real economy. Federal government spending in areas that would boost the economy (i.e. capital expenditure, welfare and public services) is dwarfed by current expenditure (80% of which is paid as wages to public sector workers).

And lastly, Nigerians are largely un-banked hence the proceeds of oil do not find their way to the real economy through the banking sector."

PwC's economists expect that if the oil price continues to stabilise, the Central Banks’s recent adjustment of the exchange rate regime will be sufficient to ease pressure on the Naira in 2015. However, if oil prices deteriorate further, a further c.10% devaluation of the Naira will be necessary in 2015. When combined with capital flight from a political or security shock, the report projects that the Naira will fall by a third against the USD by the end of 2015, matching the extent of the devaluation expected by the futures market at the height of the pre-election volatility in February.

The report also noted that if recent oil production trends continue, gross government oil revenues will fall dramatically from their 2013 level: by $21bn alone in Scenario 1 (equivalent to a 50% decline). In this case, a c.$5bn revenue shortfall is likely to emerge in 2015 compared to the outgoing administration’s budget calculations. This financing hole could widen to c.$10bn in Scenario 2, where significant debt issuance and cuts to recurrent expenditure will be needed. State governments could struggle to borrow on financial markets or pay their workers.

According to the report, some highly-indebted states may miss planned interest payments on their debt. If oil production fall by 15% as envisaged in scenario 3, through bunkering and other supply disruptions, gross oil revenues would fall to a third of their 2013 level. Combined with difficulties administering tax collection from unstable parts of the country, we would expect the federal government to fall over three months behind on paying employee wages and government bond yields on US$-debt could approach 20%.

Dr. Nevin concludes:

"In the short-term, Nigeria's policymakers have relatively little ability to influence which scenario the country may enter (particularly relating to the oil price). However, policymakers can take actions that will help mitigate the potential impact on the economy if a crisis does materialise.

On the monetary policy side, the central bank will need to take the lead in closely scrutinising the evolving risk environment, particularly around market, credit and liquidity risks. It should stand ready to intervene with a wide-ranging toolkit including extensive liquidity facilities and contingency plans for maintaining the cash money supply in regions inflicted by bouts of instability.

The Government can also take responsibility for developing a set of priorities for federal and state expenditure, aligned to the national development plan. A policy principle might be to protect and support a few strategic industries during a crisis period, such as agriculture and MSMEs, which provide a large number of jobs to citizens.

In the longer-term, Nigeria’s policymakers should aim to encourage a more resilient economic model, learning the lessons from this period and building an economic strategy fit to harness the country’s strong growth fundamentals, particularly that of a young, entrepreneurial and increasingly well-educated workforce. A first priority should be restoring fiscal credibility by widening the tax base and distributing the benefits of the country’s oil endowment more evenly across the population."