Re-birth of Special Economic Zones in the GCC

Scale, more specifically coherent scale, is a key enabler in re-enforcing the zone’s competitive positioning and differentiations. Many SEZs tend to pursue short term gains in efforts to appear attractive to investors locally and globally. However, it is critical to ensure that this does not come at the expense of the SEZ’s long-term positioning and target industries/customer segments. Ultimately, zones that focus on similar factors of production can create more efficiencies and synergies, and hence be more competitive.

• An example of successful synergy is displayed in the Hainan Special Economic Zone (HSEZ), where the abundance of agricultural resources and knowledge within the island province helped establish HSEZ as the second largest contributor of natural rubber in China. This was done by successfully creating a collaborative and conductive environment that interlinks and integrates key ingredients of the natural rubber ecosystem. More specifically, HSEZ’s efforts in creating a vibrant and collaborative natural rubber ecosystem were deemed successful by implementing the Triple Helix System (THS) and the “six-domain” concept. Natural rubber is a renewable industrial agricultural commodity, whose demand is majorly driven by automobile users, for tires and spare parts. The strategy designed around developing the agricultural products ecosystem and improving its synergy delivered an impactful socio-economic change, reflected in the GDP per capita jump of Hainan province to USD 7,179 in 2017 from USD 1,909 in 2007.

Maintain an Investor or Customer centric view on cost to serve (CTS). Thus, when considering SEZ’s competitive differentiation, it needs to be viewed holistically from the investor’s lens rather than specific elements.

• For example, lowering utilities prices will not have a material impact on the total CTS for a logistics player as opposed to a manufacturer. Utility costs can contribute an average of 69% of a metal manufacturer’s CTS (excluding raw material costs), while an average of 25% of a cold storage player CTS. In this case, providing lower utility prices may improve the SEZ’s position against others in attracting metal manufacturers, as it would significantly improve their own competitiveness. However, cold storage players, as lower utilities consumers, will be more interested in lower incurred logistics costs which is on average 52% of their total CTS.
• In another example, at first glance, a promising business case for an industrial investment was severely jeopardized by the remoteness of the nearest utility access point. The connection of the provided site to the utilities network would have increased the total capital investment cost by ~10%, which made the overall case unattractive.

Therefore, SEZs should consider end-to-end operating costs of each of the different industries according to their long-term strategy, in order to position themselves amongst the most attractive SEZs.

Foster a Positive Spillover from the SEZ to its neighboring region in the form of supply chain and job creation opportunities. Each multinational investing in an SEZ constitutes for local players, particularly the ones downstream the supply chain, a new market opportunity. To be acknowledged as a reliable supplier, however, the local firm is typically forced to lift its quality, efficiency and adopt new technologies to become eventually part of not only the local but the global supply chain of the investor.

• The GCC countries are e.g. already witnessing this effect primarily through the Local Content Programs of the National Oil Companies (NOC). The prospect of large contracts encouraged international players to invest into local production and develop an internationally sustainable local supply chain to boost their competitive advantage.
• Investors are typically also more productive and apply better management techniques than local firms. They contribute to the knowledge and technology transfers to national economies by upgrading the local talent they employ. The Shenzhen SEZ in China, for example, benefitted from this approach and grew from a formerly small fishing village to an important manufacturing base by driving a stringent high technology agenda for the SEZ paired with continuous vocational training for its workers and the establishment of mega science and industrial park projects.

To optimize these indirect effects and rely less on - often subsidized - local content programs, SEZ policymakers need to establish “soft” policies promoting these spillovers rather than “hard” regulations that could detract FDI. These policies need to enable local firms to easily export into the SEZ and promote the knowledge transfer and collaboration between the vocational training institutes and the multinationals in the SEZ including the transition of employees between the SEZ and its hinterland.

It takes the entire ecosystem to come together for SEZs to succeed. Zones mimic many aspects of an economy only at a smaller scale. So, success requires the collaboration and streamlining of all agencies across trade or manufacturing value chains to produce a compelling proposition. Such players include customs and tax authorities, municipalities, ports authorities, labor authorities, security services, health services, education services, and many others.

• As part of Dubai’s strategy to become a multimodal hub, one innovative initiative is the Virtual Freight and Logistics Corridor (VFCL) that was launched in 2015. This single platform connects airports, ports, and SEZs via a “virtual corridor”, ensuring smooth freight transfers between custom bonded areas of Dubai without imposing any financial burden on the consignees. In other words, this smart solution facilitates a hassle-free custom clearance transfer of cargo without the requirement of submitting any bank guarantee or any financial back-up. Not only did said VFCL enable a streamlined process for the sea-air cargo transshipment, but it has also ensured a speedy process for transferring the cargo from the ports or airports to “detached” free zones.

Having said that, in addition to the economic impact of VFCLs, such initiative and collaboration between different stakeholders positively affects two main factors for tenants in SEZs; cost and time.

Sustainability is increasingly becoming a driving factor for decision making as investors tackle more environmentally conscious consumers and more strict environmental laws. Such pressures transcend geographic boundaries for the typical global investor and hence becomes a key element to consider in preventing any reputational damages.

• Many SEZs are now incorporating the UN Sustainable Development Goals frameworks (SDG) into their operating models. Such zones would focus on attracting investments in SGD-relevant activities while emphasizing the highest-level of Environmental, Social and Governmental (ESG) standards and compliance.
• For example, South Korea has showcased extensive efforts in implementing Industrial Symbiosis (IS), where through a collaborative network, a company can utilize another company’s waste as raw materials. This was done through the initiation of a 15-year National Eco‐Industrial Park Development Program, over three main phases, aimed at transforming aged industrial complexes into six Eco‐Industrial Parks (EIPs). Through key scaling strategies post pilot, South Korea’s EIPs has seen its number of projects and participating players increase from 52 to 159 and from 90 to 596 respectively, from Phase 1 to Phase 2 (10 years). Moreover, this led to direct environmental benefits in Phase 1 proven by the reduction amounts of by-products, oil equivalent of energy, wastewater and CO2 equivalent of GHG emissions produced by EIPs. Lastly, Phase 2 saw reduction numbers rise by almost 4 times than that in Phase 1, further emphasizing the success of the projects undertaken in South Korea’s EIPs.

Embracing the 4th industrial revolution. While for many cheap labor is a key differentiator, in the long term global value chains are becoming more digitized and adoption of next generation technologies such as additive manufacturing, robotics and AI will become the mainstream.

• China has been regarded as a trend setter for developing High-Tech Development Zones (HTDZs), starting back in the late 1990s. As of 2017, there were 156 HTDZs in China contributing $1.42 trillion (~12%) to the national economy. These zones have been successful in attracting investments through various incentives including access to quality infrastructure, corporate income tax exemptions for the first two years on tariffs for high-tech equipment. As a result, HTDZs have an R&D expenditure to total production ratio three times larger than the average in the main economy.
• Russia built 6 techno-innovative SEZs which are now considered among the most successful SEZs in the country. The success was reflected by the number of residents in the zones (374) and the jobs created (14,000 jobs). In addition, Russia established a high-tech business area in 2010, the Skolkovo Innovation Centre, which hosts firms in advanced microelectronics, nanotechnology and other science-based areas. The Centre aims to become a leader in sustainable development by sourcing at least half of the energy consumed by the zone from renewable sources and by constructing energy-neutral buildings, recycling water and minimizing pollution by transport.

The above may be relevant in its entirety or partially to many of the zone’s authorities in the region.